Perl's Architecture Weblog

2008 Summer Semester

Associate Professor Robert D. Perl, AIA

 

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 Texas Tech University   College of Architecture   Robert D. Perl   Updated 09/11/2008

 

A note from the editor:
First Summer Session I was teaching the Dallas section of TTU College of Architecture's Studio + Practicum. As you probably know, the Studio + Practicum won a NCARB award in 2006. The program allows students to combine practice experience in architecture offices with a special TTU design studio. The students work in their firms Monday through Thursday. All day Friday they meet in a design studio. The Dallas section of the Practicum was hosted by Halff Associates in Richardson this summer. The Dallas section Syllabus with links to student work is online.
Other CoA Studio + Practicum sections meet in Houston, San Antonio, and El Paso.
-RDP
 

Disciples of Harley-Davidson Get Their Church
New York Times July 31
"The new Harley-Davidson Museum opened on July 12 in Milwaukee. Like the great cathedrals of Europe, it is laid out on the cruciform plan. James Biber, a partner at Pentagram Architects, designed the museum with his team and Michael Zweck-Bronner, an associate at Pentagram. Mr. Biber envisioned the museum grounds as a public space, calling it a “hot spot.” He said he wanted it to foster the same sort of spirit as the annual Harley rallies at Sturgis or Daytona. The outdoor space, which accommodates 15,000 people and is accessible around the clock, would also become an extension of the museum with a constantly changing display of parked bikes, Mr Biber added. It recalls such great retail spaces as the Galleria in Milan, while symbolizing the key theme to the Harley-Davidson Museum: it is not about exhibited objects so much as the social bonds inspired by Harley’s culture and history. Despite declining sales numbers and rising customer age, the brand commands a cult-like loyalty.
Pentagram was an inspired choice for the job. Not only did the firm design the building, but it also designed exhibits and directed graphics, assuring that architecture, display and detail work together.
The museum’s three main buildings are carried out in Harley colors: black glass and orange. Earlier industrial components — such as towerlike hoppers left in their raw weathered state — were incorporated into the new complex. There are visible girder frames and glass bridges to connect the buildings, adding to the industrial feel while also offering views of the city skyline and waterfront. One portion opens up with garage-style door doors like a machine shop. The materials include polished, stained concrete floors, black-glazed black, gray enameled girders and orange corrugated steel sheet. The construction is tough and industrial and bare: boxes of girders, a philosophy in keeping with the design of Harley bikes, of course."
 

Harley-Davidson Museum by Pentagram
I.D. July 10
"Q: How did the design of the museum exhibition fit with the design of the building, itself?
A: The building is very graphic and the exhibition design is very architectural. The architectural character of the exhibition design reflects the fact that we were “allowed” to think in architectural terms because we were designing the installation at the same time that Jim was designing the building. There are gestures here that rely on serious engineering and advance planning that one could never do in the context of a series of [already existing] generic boxes."
 

The King of Central Park West
Vanity Fair Paul Goldberger
"The highest-priced new apartment building in the history of New York—indeed, at roughly $2 billion in sales, the most lucrative in the world—isn’t a sleek, one-of-a-kind glass tower. It’s architect Robert A. M. Stern’s 15 Central Park West, an ingenious homage to the classic Candela-designed [Rosario Candela not Félix Candela -RDP] apartment buildings on Park and Fifth Avenues where apartments have been snapped up by hotshot hedge-fund managers, established financial titans, and celebrities such as Sting, Denzel Washington, and Bob Costas. From the marble-columned lobby to the wine cellar and pool, the author examines the art, as well as the limits, of Stern’s grand nostalgia.
During the frenetic building spree of the last decade, when architects and developers seemed willing to try just about anything to get their projects noticed in the hyperactive Manhattan luxury-condominium market, buildings tended to fall into two categories: either they were based on the premise that an architect’s job is to invent something that you have never seen before, or they were not. Most of the buildings that have gotten attention lately have been in the first category, sleek glass condominiums by the likes of Richard Meier, Jean Nouvel, Charles Gwathmey, and Herzog and de Meuron that nobody could mistake for anything but new, one-of-a-kind creations, the sorts of places where apartments sold for unbelievable amounts of money to people who live in them maybe a few weeks out of every year. There have been round towers, square towers, blue towers, and green ones, not to mention towers that swirl and towers that look as if they were disintegrating, each of them known as much by its architect’s name as by its address. And then, as if inspired by the work of these celebrity architects, a whole other group of real-estate developers, the kind who like to refer to buildings as “product,” started turning out their own glass apartment towers, much more mundane but in such quantity that you could easily think that glass, which once signified an office building, had now become the material of choice for luxury apartment living in New York.
As all of that was happening, the developers Arthur and William Lie Zeckendorf hired Robert A. M. Stern, who told them that what he thought New York really needed was a luxury building that looked more like the old-fashioned ones, not less.
Stern has made a career out of paying homage to the city’s architecture of the 20s and 30s; he knows the classic buildings as well as most real-estate brokers. He sees himself, he has said, as a portraitist, as an artist whose work comes from putting his own gloss on what he sees in front of him, not from creating out of whole cloth.
The apartments were sold out before construction was completed this year, at the highest prices of any new building in the history of New York. The Zeckendorfs started selling them at roughly $2,500 a square foot, which was already at the top of the New York market, and they kept raising the prices as construction went on, until the last apartments were sold at something approaching $4,000 a square foot."
 

Le Corbusier Le Grand
This thing is a monster! 13"x17". More than 3" thick. 21 pounds. 768 pages. THE book on THE architect! Even if you know quite a bit about Corbu, you will find previously unseen projects, photographs, and drawings. All the captions and essays are in English, but the box comes with a separate 74 page, 13"x17" book with English translations of the original French documents.
Cheap it's not, but this is truly outstanding. A real delight!
-RDP
"A spectacular visual biography of the life and work of Le Corbusier (1887–1965), one of Modernism's most influential architects, urban planners, and theorists. Approximately 2,000 images and documents, many previously unpublished, feature his major built works, urban plans, paintings, publications, and furniture as well as sketches, archival photographs, and personal correspondence. Rarely seen photographs and correspondence shed new light on Le Corbusier’s relationships with Josephine Baker, Eileen Gray, Fernand Léger, Pablo Picasso, Jean Prouvé, and many others. Insightful introductory essay by France’s most authoritative architectural historian and critic, Jean-Louis Cohen, and incisive chapter introductions by highly regarded Le Corbusier scholar Tim Benton."
Le Corbusier Le Grand from Amazon at 37% off list price
 

 

Judd's Legacy in Print: A new book documents the artist's enigmatic work in Marfa
Texas Architect July/August
TA author Lawrence Connolly writes that he "met Judd twice at Chinati and once at the opening of his 1989 exhibition at the Dallas Museum of Art. Several of our conversations focused on how he despised exhibiting his work because it risked damaging the pieces, and how he thought most museums were inappropriate for displaying artwork. The problem for Judd, according to Flueckiger, was "…that his sculptures were crammed in with other art in most museums and that the objects were denied what he considered their rightful independence and integrity." Judd advocated that an artist's work should be permanently displayed in a setting that met that artist's approval. Determined to solve the problem rather than concede to convention, Judd started the Chinati Foundation in Marfa to counter the standard model of traveling art exhibitions. Judd thought that his permanent – and inflexible – curatorial position should apply to other artists as well. The result? A collection of artwork that has the resources of a foundation to ensure their permanent display in a setting approved by the artist.
... stunning images, along with a site plan, floor plans, elevations, and sections. The real value of the computer generated drawings is that they offer a previously undocumented insight to Judd's lifestyle of eating, working, and socializing because the plans illustrate the placement of the artist's sculpture and furniture."
Donald Judd: Architecture in Marfa, Texas from Amazon at 34% off list price
 

Fans of L.E.D.’s Say This Bulb’s Time Has Come
New York Times July 28
"L.E.D. bulbs, with their brighter light and longer life, have already replaced standard bulbs in many of the nation’s traffic lights. Indeed, the red, green and yellow signals are — aside from the tiny blinking red light on a DVD player, a cellphone or another electronic device — probably the most familiar application of the technology. But it is showing up in more prominent spots. The ball that descends in Times Square on New Year’s Eve is illuminated with L.E.D.’s. And the managers of the Empire State Building are considering a proposal to light it with L.E.D. fixtures, which would allow them to remotely change the building’s colors to one of millions of variations.
The bulb makers face a tough problem. Their businesses were built on customers who regularly replaced light bulbs. How do you make a profit when new lighting may commonly last 50 to 100 times as long as a standard bulb? Compact fluorescents, which use less than one-third the power and last up to 10 times as long as standard bulbs, have replaced incandescent bulbs in many homes and offices. In some types of commercial buildings, L.E.D.’s are rapidly replacing older products. The industry seems convinced that new lower-cost L.E.D. bulbs, with their improved efficiency, will eventually become the chief substitutes for incandescent bulbs in homes.
The L.E.D., a type of semiconductor, generates light when an electric current is passed through positive and negative materials. Energy is given off in the form of heat and light. Different colors and greater efficiency are created by altering the composition of the material. Typically, a compact fluorescent bulb uses about 20 percent of the energy needed for a standard bulb to create the same amount of light. Today’s L.E.D.’s use about 15 percent. Next-generation bulbs still in the labs do even better. While compact fluorescents are beginning to replace standard light bulbs in many homes, lighting executives see those as an interim technology. They say the large size of the bulbs, the inability to dim many of them, the unpleasant color of the light and the five milligrams of mercury in each bulb will limit their appeal."
 


"On July 17, 1981, two 32-ton skywalks at the Hyatt Regency in Kansas City, Mo., collapsed into the hotel lobby, killing 114 people."
 

For Many, a Memorial Long Overdue
New York Times July 27
"Some people here see the Hyatt catastrophe as a modern-day Titanic sinking that set back the revival of downtown. The gleaming hotel, just a year old at the time, was the tallest structure in Kansas City, and its regular tea dances had drawn many residents back to a once-sleepy section of the city. “It was the big buzz around town,” said Heather McMichael, a former television anchor who now works for a law firm doing pro bono work for the memorial campaign.
The dance that Friday evening had drawn about 2,000 people. When the two 32-ton walkways crashed to the floor at 7:05 p.m., a band was playing “Satin Doll.” A video of the event shows revelers in high spirits, among them Karen and Eugene Jeter, swing-dancing and laughing in the last moments of their lives.
A highly critical investigation found a design flaw in the walkways’ suspension systems. Jack D. Gillum and Associates, the engineering firm that approved the final plans, was stripped of its license. Lapses were found in construction practices and the city’s enforcement arms. About $140 million was awarded to victims and their families, much of it paid by the Crown Center Corporation, a Hallmark subsidiary. Kansas City’s progressive self-image was damaged, and a deep sadness draped the city for a long time. In the view of Richard L. Berkley, then the mayor, there was a reluctance to memorialize the tragedy. “There was a feeling you didn’t want to remind people of it,” Mr. Berkley said."
 
Engineering Ethics: The Kansas City Hyatt Regency Walkways Collapse
NSF Grant Number DIR-9012252
"During January and February, 1979, the design of the hanger rod connections was changed in a series of events and disputed communications between the fabricator (Havens Steel Company) and the engineering design team (G.C.E. International, Inc., a professional engineering firm). The fabricator changed the design from a one-rod to a two-rod system to simplify the assembly task, doubling the load on the connector, which ultimately resulted in the walkways collapse.
The fabricator, in sworn testimony before the administrative judicial hearings after the accident, claimed that his company (Havens) telephoned the engineering firm (G.C.E.) for change approval. G.C.E. denied ever receiving such a call from Havens."
 
Hyatt Regency walkway collapse
Wikipedia
"Havens Steel Company, the contractor responsible for manufacturing the rods, objected to the original plan of Jack D. Gillum and Associates, since it required the whole of the rod below the fourth floor to be threaded in order to screw on the nuts to hold the fourth floor walkway in place. These threads would probably have been damaged beyond use as the structure for the fourth floor was hoisted into position. Havens therefore proposed an alternate plan in which two separate sets of tie rods would be used: one connecting the fourth floor walkway to the ceiling, and the other connecting the second floor walkway to the fourth floor walkway."
 

A New History for an Old Skyscraper
New York Times July 25
"The Skyscraper and the City: The Woolworth Building and the Making of Modern New York, a book scheduled to be released next week by the University of Chicago Press, offers a new examination of the building and its significance in New York’s history.
Designed by Cass Gilbert, the building, at 233 Broadway, between Park Place and Barclay Street, was commissioned by the retail magnate Frank W. Woolworth and constructed between 1910 and 1913. Woolworth famously financed the building without loans or help from developers. The book contains numerous illustrations, including one showing a 1929 advertisement for the building, calling it a “Cathedral of Commerce” — a name that has stuck — and lauding its height (792 feet), number of floors (60), weight (206 million pounds), floor area (15 acres), exterior windows (3,000), tons of steel (24,000), bricks (17 million) and tons of terra cotta (7,500).
The book places the Woolworth Building in the context of its time and place: the booming commercial culture of early 20th century New York; the often unsettling experience of modernization; advances in technology and communications; and a new phenomenon of “urban spectatorship” that made skyscrapers sources of public wonder and admiration. Many innovations set the Woolworth Building apart. It contained a shopping arcade, health club, barber shop, restaurant, social club and even an observatory. Its use of technology — including an innovative water supply system, a electrical generating plan, high-speed electric elevators providing both local and express service and what Professor Fenske calls “the first prominent use of architectural floodlighting in the world” — also set it apart. So did the construction process, run by the builder Louis Horowitz of the Thompson-Starrett Company, who managed to avoid labor conflict, rationalize the building process and set a record for speed — paving the way for the famously rapid completion of the Empire State Building nearly 20 years later."
The Skyscraper and the City: The Woolworth Building and the Making of Modern New York from Amazon at 39% off list price
 

Instant Houses, Then and Now
New York Times July 18
"The idea of a well-oiled assembly line churning out gleaming and affordable new houses, flooded with light and as compact as a ship’s cabin, is a well-worn Modernist fable.
For the average middle-class American, however, prefabricated housing has always lacked sex appeal. The masses tended to prefer a traditional style, no matter how shabbily designed, and never really bought into it. Nor did most of the industrialist tycoons with the money to make the dream real. So “Home Delivery: Fabricating the Modern Dwelling,” which opens on Sunday at the Museum of Modern Art, is a delightful surprise. Organized by Barry Bergdoll, MoMA’s chief curator of architecture and design, it presents more than 80 projects, from humble experiments in suburban living to stunning works of creative imagination. In a tour de force Mr. Bergdoll was able to build five full-scale model houses for the show in a lot just west of the museum.
But like all great exhibitions “Home Delivery” is not simply a crowd pleaser. It’s the kind of loving, scholarly achievement that is rare in today’s architectural climate, which so often favors cheap spectacle over probing intellect. Mr. Bergdoll has not only managed to track down some unexpected gems, he has also arranged them in a way that allows us to see them with fresh eyes. He makes a convincing case that prefabricated housing was both a central theme of Modernist history and a dream that remains very much alive today...
Just above to the right is a projection of a 1920 Buster Keaton film in which fumbling young newlyweds try to assemble a prefabricated house. Dropped off the back of a truck, the house’s various parts were mislabeled by the woman’s jilted former suitor. The result, once it is assembled, is a chaotic jumble of tilting walls, irregular windows and doors that open to nowhere.
The film pokes fun at those who spend their lives chasing fantasies. But it also hints at the instability at the core of any creative venture, teasing out one of the exhibition’s most haunting themes: the conflict inherent in the so-called American dream. In many ways the prefab house embodies the tension between a desire for stability and a quixotic faith in social mobility. The history of prefabricated dwellings is one of false starts and foiled dreams...
Just beyond stands a full-scale version of the Lustron House, a suburban home that began production the same year. If the Maison Tropicale reflects a wholehearted embrace of the new, the Lustron House is its counterpoint: modern technology draped in nostalgia. A steel structure manufactured to look like a conventional suburban wood-frame house, it embodies the fear of the unknown that has historically pushed the most creative architecture to the periphery of the profession. As we all know, the traditionalists won." 
 

Cost worries over Hadid's 'seductive' pool centre were waved aside by Olympic jury
Guardian UK July 15
"The jury that selected Zaha Hadid's groundbreaking but now hugely over-budget plan for the London Olympics aquatics centre raised worries about its cost and design before it was chosen as "the jewel in the crown" of the 2012 site. The panel warned the building would have a timber ceiling prone to maintenance problems, and that details were so sketchy there could be unforeseen costs involved in converting it after the games. Nevertheless, officials picked her "seductive" design over five other options. Details of their concerns, released to the Guardian under the Freedom of Information Act after the cost of the building has more than trebled to £303m ($600,907,000), show that from the outset Hadid's design faced "clear technical and organisational issues" and "the detail of the scheme was not as well developed [as its
competitors]".
Four of the rejected proposals caused no concern to the jury over their cost. A design by Bennetts Associates, which is rebuilding the Royal Shakespeare theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon, was dismissed for its "practical approach". Another, designed by Faulkner Browns, the architects of the Commonwealth Games pool in Manchester, was dismissed as "functionally mundane". A plan by French architect Dominique Perrault to build the Olympic aquatics centre as an island was the only other scheme considered a cost risk."

In Changing Face of Beijing, a Look at the New China
New York Times July 13
"Critics have incessantly described these high-profile projects as bullish expressions of the nation’s budding global primacy. Yet these buildings are not simply blunt expressions of power. Like the great monuments of 16th-century Rome or 19th-century Paris, China’s new architecture exudes an aura that has as much to do with intellectual ferment as economic clout. Each building, in its own way, embodies an intense struggle over the meaning of public space in the new China. And although at times terrifying in their aggressive scale, they also reflect the country’s effort to give shape to an emerging national identity...
It remains to be seen where this will lead. For centuries, architects have aspired to create buildings that enlighten or transform civilization, only to see them remain isolated splendors, with little impact on society at large. That may prove to be the case in China, too. But there is no question that its role as a great laboratory for architectural ideas will endure for years to come. One wonders if the West will ever catch up."

This is the best summary I've seen on some of the Olympic and other new architecture in China. Don't miss the interactive feature and an article on preservation. -RDP
 

Green architecture’s new goal: stylish sustainability
Christian Science Monitor July 11
"If you’re one of many who identify “green” buildings as an ecological necessity but as an aesthetic blight, you’re hardly alone. Architect Rebecca Henn, a juror in this year’s American Institute of Architecture competition for top environmental designs, noted, “The big box store that could have been an exemplar of sustainability was, frankly, really ugly…. If we don’t hold beauty and sustainability as equal cultural commitments, then we might as well hand over our licenses and call ourselves aesthetic consultants.” Architect James Wines, author of “Green Architecture,” also cuts to the chase: “[W]ith-out art, the whole idea of sustainability fails. People will never want to keep an aesthetically inferior building around, no matter how well stocked it is with cutting-edge thermal glass, photovoltaic cells, and zero-emissions carpeting.”
Whatever their aesthetics, the number of sustainable buildings has grown exponentially, according to the US Green Building Council, an educational clearinghouse and certification agency for such projects. The United States market in green-building products and services has soared from more than $7 billion in 2005 to more than $12 billion today, the council reports. So, ready or not, expect to see sustainable buildings wherever you reside. And that raises the question: How can architecture most effectively offer us the beauty we crave in our everyday lives – while being protective of the environment? Global warming is catalyzed by greenhouse gases, nearly half of which are generated by creating and maintaining architecture. Given that reality, it might seem downright superficial to care about whether our buildings can be beautiful."


"The 1968 Elrod House in Palm Springs, Calif., one of the architect John Lautner's most famous private homes."

"Lautner had a stubborn faith in the house as an expression of American individualism. Unlike Rudolph Schindler, he was less interested in exploring the reconfigured social relationships of the modern world than bonding the home dweller with the surrounding landscape and the universe beyond."

"In a masterwork built in Acapulco, Mexico, the 1973 Mar Brisas House, the swimming pool mirrors the arc of the beach below, as if the two were shaped by the same hand."
John Lautner's ground-breaking style
Los Angeles Times July 13
 
Meet John Lautner's architectural heirs
Los Angeles Times July 6
"Take an eclectic collection of art, ideas and influences. Synthesize and refine. That's Escher-GuneWardena's formula for high-impact architecture that picks up where Lautner left off.
In some ways, their work is a highly sophisticated advance on the early midcentury modernists, whose design sensibility and affection for industrial materials led them to pursue straightforward geometric forms. Not that this pair feels at all constrained by that tradition. Indeed, their desire to create new and seamless spaces is perhaps more inspired by the courage and rigor of architect John Lautner, who, decades earlier, broke free from many of the constrictions of Modernism, playing with steel and concrete in rhapsodic and highly expressive ways."
 
 

Church’s Troubles Typify Ground Zero Delays
New York Times July 3
"The story of the tiny St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church and its efforts to rebuild after the collapse of the World Trade Center is one of well-intentioned promises that led to endless negotiations, design disputes, delays and mounting costs. It is, in other words, a microcosm of the seven-year, $16 billion, problem-plagued effort to reconstruct the entire trade center site.
The church retained the 1,200-square-foot parcel where its building once stood. Initially, the Port Authority suggested that St. Nicholas move to the northeast corner of Cedar and West Streets, a stone’s throw away. But parish leaders and the archbishop balked, saying that the site would be more than 20 feet above street level because of the screening center that is to be constructed below, and that they wanted a more prominent location on Greenwich Street.
There have also been design problems. The entrance to the screening center was moved to Cedar Street, just below the spot the church wanted. That would require the church to install an expensive blast-proof concrete slab beneath its building to protect it from a possible explosion on the screening center ramps. The authority estimates the cost of the church’s foundation at about $35 million."
 

Buckminster Fuller: Inventor, tireless proselytizer, inspirational cult figure, something of a flimflammer
Slate July 2
"The Buckminster Fuller exhibition that has just opened at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York has already received a lot of press coverage, with long stories in The New Yorker and the New York Times. The latter ran a sensational report suggesting that Fuller's depression and near suicide at age 32—which he famously described as spurring him to embark on his lifelong creative quest—were more or less invented, and that if he had a midlife crisis, it occurred later, as a result of a failed extramarital affair. The Times story is titillating, but it pales beside the revelation made 35 years ago by Lloyd Kahn, an early geodesic dome devotee. The geodesic dome, a spherical structure constructed out of small elements that make it lightweight and extremely strong, was long associated with Fuller. Kahn revealed that the world's first geodesic dome was a planetarium designed for the Carl Zeiss optical works in Jena, Germany, by Dr. Walter Bauersfeld in 1922—30 years before Fuller filed his patent for the device.
Neither the Jena dome nor the extramarital affair figure in the Whitney show, which is content merely to celebrate its subject (and repeats the old chestnut that Fuller "developed" the geodesic dome). That's a shame since Fuller was a complex individual, and one not to be taken at face value. He is sometimes described as a global man, yet he was a quintessentially early-20th-century American type: the inventor who bootstraps himself out of obscurity, the self-promoter who turns into an inspirational cult figure, the tireless proselytizer who is also something of a flimflam man.
His most durable creation may have been his brand name, "Dymaxion," a combination of dynamic, maximum, and ion, which conveyed his intention to radically rethink the design of everyday objects. The first Dymaxion House, octagonal in plan and suspended from a central mast, existed only in model form. The Dymaxion Bathroom, a prefabricated two-piece module that used a finely atomized spray instead of a conventional shower, made it to the prototype stage. Only three Dymaxion Cars were built, and the sole surviving prototype is on display in the Whitney. It's worth the price of admission. The car looks like an airplane without wings, a three-wheeled lozenge that can turn in its own length."
Buckminster Fuller: Starting with the Universe (Whitney Museum of American Art Book) from Amazon at 37% off list price
 

Ground Zero Transit
These Wings Will Not Fly
New York Times July 1
"As the design is further modified — some might say whittled away — another possibility is that more of the existing PATH terminal will be used than was originally planned. While the mechanism to open and close the wings was relatively straightforward, the wings themselves would have to be specially engineered to maintain their structural integrity in different positions and while in motion. Keeping the roof stationary and sealed might save tens of millions of dollars at least. The defenders of Mr. Calatrava’s design have maintained that the architectural flourishes, a small part of the overall budget, are easy and obvious to trim but exact a high cost for the overall aesthetic integrity of the project."   
 

 

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